Background and Aim: Today several materials have been used for ROOT- end filling in endodontic surgery. Optimal properties of Pro ROOT MTA in in-vitro and in-vivo studies have been proven. On the other hand, based on some studies, ROOT MTA (Iranian Pro ROOT MTA) and Portland cement are similar to Pro ROOT MTA in physical and biologic properties. The aim of this study was to evaluate bacterial leakage (amount and mean leakage time) of four ROOT- end filling materials. Materials and Methods: In this experimental in-vitro study, seventy six extracted single- ROOTed human teeth were randomly divided into six groups for ROOT-end filling with gray Pro ROOT MTA, white Pro ROOT MTA, ROOT MTA (Iranian Pro ROOT MTA), Portland Cement (type I) and positive and negative control groups. ROOT canals were instrumented using the step- back technique. ROOT- end filling materials were placed in 3mm ultra sonic retro preparations. Samples and microleakage model system were sterilized in autoclave. The apical 3-4 mm of the ROOTs were immersed in phenol red with 3% lactose broth culture medium. The coronal access of each specimen was inoculated every 24h with a suspension of Streptococcus sanguis (ATCC 10556). Culture media were observed every 24h for color change indicating bacterial contamination for 60 days. Statistical analysis was performed using log- rank test with P<0.05 as the limit of significance. Results: At the end of study 50%, 56.25%, 56.25% and 50% of specimens filled with Gray Pro ROOT MTA, White Pro ROOT MTA. ROOT MTA and Portland Cement (type I) had evidence of leakage respectively. The mean leakage time was 37.19±6.29, 36.44±5.81, 37.69±5.97 and 34.81±6.67 days respectively. Statistical analysis of data showed no significant difference among the leakage (amount and mean leakage time) of the four tested ROOT- end filling materials (P=0.9958). Conclusion: Based on the results of this study, there were no significant differences in leakage among the four tested groups at 60 days. The results suggest that ROOT MTA and Portland Cement can be used as less expensive ROOT filling materials.

Background and Aim: Mineral Trioxide Aggregate (MTA) is a material used in many endodontic problems.Recently a NUMBER of studies have reported that Portland Cement (PC) and MTA have similar physical, chemical and biologic properties. In addition, a material known as ROOT MTA which is produced in Iran has been claimed to have similar properties to Pro ROOT MTA. If these claims are true, possible use of PC and ROOT MTA in clinic instead of Pro ROOT MTA will be quite cost effective. The aim of this study was to investigate the toxicity of Pro ROOT MTA, ROOT MTA and Portland Cement on L929 mouse fibroblasts.Materials and Methods: In this experimental study 0, 4, 24 hours and 7 days' extracts of materials were transferred to cell culture plates containing L929 fibroblasts. After 24 hours incubation, cells were stained by Neutral Red (NR), and optical density (OD) of each cell was read with ELISA reader. Data were analyzed using Tukey HSD and one way analysis of variance. P<0.05 was considered as the level of significance.Results: In all surveyed groups and negative control group, at all time points separated cells from the base of the well were round. Refraction which is a characteristic of cellular death was not observed, whereas the separated cells from the base of well in positive control group showed refractional characteristic.Conclusion: Based on the findings of this study Pro ROOT MTA, PC and ROOT MTA have the same biocompatibility. PC seems to have the potential to be used in the same clinical situation as MTA. However in order to replace MTA with these less expensive materials more in vitro and in vivo studies are suggested.

Background and Aim: The goal of endodontics is to seal the ROOT canal system from the orifice to apical constriction completely and tridimensionally. Hence perforations during ROOT canal therapy, because of caries or resorptions must be sealed and obturated with ideal materials. The aim of this study was to histologically compare two kinds of mineral trioxide aggregate ROOT MTA and Pro ROOT MTA for furcal perforation repair in developed teeth in dog. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, thirty teeth consisting of second, third and fourth mandibular premolars of five German shepherd dogs were selected. Twenty-four teeth were randomly divided into four experimental groups (6 teeth each). One pair of ROOT MTA and Pro ROOT MTA groups studied in one month and the other in three months intervals. Positive and negative control groups was each contained three teeth. In positive control group, perforations were not treated and negative control group contained intact teeth. In experimental groups perforations repaired after one week exposure to oral cavity with ROOT MTA or Pro ROOT MTA. After time intervals animals were subjected to vital perfusion and 6 mm histologic sections were prepared. Inflammation and hard tissue formation were ranked by Cox criteria. Data were analysed using Mann-Whitney and Chi-Square statistical tests with P<0.05 as the limit of significance. Results: There was statistically significant lower inflammation and higher hard tissue formation in three months ROOT MTA and Pro ROOT MTA groups compared to one month interval (P<0.05). There was no statistically significant difference in inflammation and hard tissue formation between ROOT MTA and Pro ROOT MTA in each intervals (P>0.05). Conclusion: Mineral Trioxide Aggregate is an adequate material for furcal perforation repair in dog’s teeth. ROOT MTA could be a good substitute for Pro ROOT MTA considering the lower cost and similar characteristics.

Background and purpose: ROOT therapy will be successful if it is done based on a correct diagnosis and appropriate treatment plan with the knowledge of morphology and tooth anatomy, debridement, disinfection, and obturation of the entire ROOT canal system. This study aimed to investigate the NUMBER and morphology of canals in ROOT canals mandibular anterior using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT). Materials and methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study was performed in a private office in Tehran, Iran 2018, and 902 anterior teeth were evaluated. Teeth were selected according to the following criteria: complete evolved ROOTs, absence of periapical lesion, and no history of ROOT healing. CBCT images were evaluated from three dimensions of sagittal (ROOT NUMBER, canal type, and apical foramen deviation from radiographic apex), coronal (apical foramen deviation from radiographic apex), and axial (canal type and apical foramen diameter). Data analysis was done in SPSS V16. Results: The mean apical foramen diameter was 0. 21 ± 0. 55 and the mean apical foramen deviation from the radiographic apex was 0. 66 ± 0. 48 mm. Class 1 and 3 morphologies were the most frequent classes observed in anterior teeth and other classes accounted for about 5% of the samples. Conclusion: In this study, there was no relationship between gender and the NUMBER of ROOTs and in males the NUMBER of canals were higher than that in females.

Plants absorb Se element from the soil and enter it into the food chain as the best source of selenium for humans and animals. In the current research, the effects of selenium (bulk and nano forms) were investigated on the absorption of macro and micro elements and growth characteristics of spinach under greenhouse conditions. The experiment was carried out in a completely randomized design. The factors were foliar spraying of nano selenium (5, 10 and 20 ppm), sodium selenate (5, 10 and 20 ppm) and distilled water (control plants). Based on the findings, an improvement was observed in ROOT dry matter, shoot length, leaf NUMBER, and Ca and Se contents with increasing the levels of treatments, in contrast, high levels of both treatments declined the content of leaf nitrate, Na and Mn. Leaf dry matter and P and Mg contents were boosted at the level of 10 ppm  of both treatments, and lessened at higher levels.  The highest ROOT length and Fe and Zn contents were observed at 5 ppm of nano-Se. This indicates the additive effects of low Se concentrations on ROOT tip meristem cell division as well as plant water relations via transport of essential elements. However, the reduction of the mentioned traits occurred at higher levels of both treatments (20 ppm). Eventually, among the different levels of both Se treatments, the best one was 10 ppm Nano-Se. However, it can be stated that selecting the best treatment depends on the type of plant species, the type of utilized treatment, and the effective level on studied traits.

Introduction: Copy NUMBER variation (CNV) consist of deletion, insertion, and duplications. It is an important source of genetic variation in organisms and thus influences on the gene expression and phenotypic variation. Copy NUMBER variation (CNV) is one of the structural variant with an intermediate size class larger than 50bp which involves unbalanced rearrangements that increase or decrease the amount of DNA (Pirooznia et al 2015, Alkan et al 2011). The size of CNVs is larger than 50bp, while smaller segments are known as insertions or deletions (indels). Thereupon these structural variations comprise more polymorphic than SNPs because of enormity, detection of them and their effect on phenotype has caught the attention of many researchers recently. It has been reported that CNVs changes in gene dosage and regulation as well as in transcript structure, and thus contribute to phenotypic variability (Pirooznia et al 2015, Alkan et al 2011). The pea-comb phenotype is caused by a CNV mapping to intron 1 of the SRY (sex determining region Y)-box 5 (SOX5) gene (Wright et al. 2009). Late feathering in chickens is due to incomplete duplication in PRLR and SPEF2 genes (Elfrink et al. 2008). In swine, dominant white colour has been related with a duplication of a 450-kb fragment of the KIT gene (Giuffra et al. 1999) and a splice mutation causing the skipping of exon 17 (Giuffra et al. 1999). In sheep, doubling in the ASIP gene results in the regulation of pigment in body coat (Norris et al. 2008). Doubling the 4.6 k base pair into the six introns of the STX17 gene results in a gray body color in the horse with age. Deletion of the intergenic region with a length of 11.7 kbp in the goat genome leads to the removal of horns (Clop et al. 2012). Chicken is the most intensively farmed animal on earth and is a major food source with billions of birds used in meat and egg production each year. A big share of chicken CNVs involves protein coding or regulatory sequences. A comprehensive study of chicken CNV can provide valuable information on genetic diversity and assist future analyses of associations between CNV and economically important traits in chickens. Unique chicken genome with macro and micro chromosomes and its biology make it an ideal organism for studies in development and evolution, as well as applications in agriculture and medicine (Burt 2005). In the last several years, There has been an increasing interest in the study of CNVs in the chicken. This study focuses on comparison of CNV between the broilers and layers chicken to find evidence of domestication on the genome using whole genome sequencing.Material and methods: we used n=90 female birds of two commercial broiler (n=40) and layer (n=50) chicken. The broilers (BRs) were represented by 20 DNA samples of each of two lines (BRA and BRB) established independently and previously collected as part of the AVIANDIV project. In the layer group (LRs), data from 25 birds each from purebred white (WL) and brown (BL) egg laying populations, sequenced in the frame of the SYNBREED project (http://www.synbreed.tum.de/index.php?id=2 ,(were included. The paired-end reads with a read length of 101bp were mapped against the current reference genome assembly Galgal6 using the Burrows-Wheeler aligner (bwa, 0.6.2-r126 Version, with default parameters. Duplicate reads were masked during post-processing using the Picard tool set (version 2.9.2, http://picard.sourceforge.net). Finally, Genome Analysis Toolkit-3.3.0 was used to realign reads for correcting errors caused by InDels. Using GATK software package and Depth Of Coverage function (McKenna et al 2010), the depth of readings was calculated for each sample. Then filter out reads with mapping quality below 20. Because comparing the genomes of individuals in different groups was time consuming and computationally difficult for all parts of the genome, the genomes of each individual were divided into 1000 bp non-overlapping windows and the average reading depth per window was calculated. Then the results were normalized against the BL sample that showed highest average depth. In short, we created a correction factor per population and applied it on the depth of coverage value for each window. For all the contrasts, we performed an analysis of variance (ANOVA) as described (Carneiro et al 2014). For the Broilers-Layers contrast we scanned 935247 windows. 70372 windows showed significant by FDR with P < 0.001, with ANOVA using the Benjamini-Hochberg FDR method for multiple corrections (Benjamini and Hochberg 1995).Results and discussion: Mapping sequencing data to galGal6 assembly showed an average 98.61% mapping rate and 11.51 depth. Manhattan plot was plotted for regions of the genome that differed significantly between the two groups (FDR = 0.001). The points above the hypothetical line were identified and examined in a 25 Kbp confidence interval to identify possible genes. 39 regions were identified that half of them dose not contain any genes. Although Long noncoding RNAs are under lower selective pressure than protein-coding genes (Batista and Chang 2013), The other 11 regions contained 16 genes related to long non-coding RNAs. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) play a critical role in organizing the 3-dimensional genome architecture and regulating gene activity in cis or in trans through multiple mechanisms (Zhang et al 2019, Batista and Chang 2013). 6 othere regions also contained 12 coding genes. Most of the identified genes were somehow linked to the immune system disease or cancer. Genes such as DEDs and TNFAIP8 are involved in programmed cell death (apoptosis) and two genes NPAL3 and RCAN, which are involved in the immune system, had a copy NUMBER variation in the studied samples. In addition RCAN is involved in Down syndrome. The PFDN gene, located on chromosome 25, is also involved in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease.

Introduction: One of the causes of error and perturbation in isodose curves in conventional radiotherapy treatment planning is the existence of tissues having either very high density (bone, prosthesis) or very low density (lung, air cavities). Nowadays, the use of CT images to solve this problem is growing, and so is the need for calibration curves that convert the CT-NUMBER of the tissue to electron density for dose calculation. The conventional method to obtain this curve is purely measurement-based, in which a phantom containing various materials of known electron densities is imaged. Alternatively, a more fundamental method of stoichiometry has been used in this work.Material and Methods: For the stoichiometric method, initially a cylindrical polyethylene phantom was built. The phantom consists of inserts of high-purity aluminum, PVC, polyethylene, water and cork to model hard bone, skeleton, fat, muscle and lung tissues, respectively. CT imaging was then performed at 120 kVp using a spiral CT scanner (GE model NXI). A system of simultaneous equations was solved to get the appropriate CT-NUMBER to electron-density conversion for each tissue type using the CT-NUMBERs from the phantom images, the physical and radiological data of the materials. A conversion curve showing the variation of CT-NUMBER with relative electron density was also plotted. The result of the stoichiometric conversion was then compared to that from other methods.Results: The system of simultaneous equations yielded the factors, the experimental and the computed CT-NUMBERs were compared. The highest uncertainty was estimated to be approximately 5.6% for a relatively high-density material such as aluminum and 4% for polyethylene. The curves representing the electron density based on CT-NUMBER start diverging at CT-NUMBER equal to zero and above.Discussion and Conclusion: Comparing the results obtained from the experimental and computational methods suggest an acceptable level of accuracy for the computational (stoichiometric) conversion. The uncertainty in the electron density obtained is greater for materials of higher electron density.

Statement of Problem: There are many controversies regarding the usable NUMBER of rotary files in the literature.Purpose: The aim of this study was to compare three Rotary Systems in Terms of NUMBER of Severely Curved ROOT Canals Preparation, Till Either Defect or Fracture.Material and Methods: In this in vitro study, 60 mandibular or maxillary molar mesial ROOTs with a mature apex and a curvature of 35-80o were evenly divided into three groups according to their radius and curvature angle. The Pruett method was used to define the curvature degree. In all the three groups, cleaning and shaping were accomplished with a working length of 16mm.Then, the NUMBER of the prepared canals until any defect or fracture (using a 8x magnifier) was recorded and canal preparation was done with the same devices in the remaining canals. Chi-square test was applied for inters categorical variables comparisons. Kaplan-Meier curves were used to display the NUMBER of prepared canals till any defect or fracture with further comparison by a log-rank test. To compare the curve angle and radius, Kruskal-Wallis test was used. p.value of less than 0.05 was considered as statistically significant.Results: The average NUMBER (±SD) of the prepared canals leading to defect or fracture in flexmaster, Hero and Race systems was 11.87 (±2.07), 13.28 (±2.46), and 9.66 (±1.92), respectively (p<0.05). Overall, 20 devices were found to be fractured or defective, among which 7 had defects and 13 had fractures. The rates of defects in Hero, Race and Flexmaster were 50%, 33.3% and 28.6% with the fracture rate of 50%, 60% and 71.4%, respectively (p>0.05).Conclusion: Hero system showed higher NUMBERs of prepared canals and revealed less fracture rate. Meanwhile, Race system revealed the least NUMBER of prepared canals with the highest rate of the fracture. However, there were no statistically significant differences between the systems.

Introduction: Teeth may need ROOT canal treatment for various reasons. The anatomy of the ROOT canal varies not only between different types of teeth but also between similar teeth. Although there must be at least one canal in the ROOT, some ROOTs have multiple canal of different length. The goal of this study was investigation of the NUMBER of ROOT canals in mandibular molars and premolars teeth in Ilam in 2020. Material & Methods: This study was descriptive-analytic study that performed on 60 mandibular premolars and molars (first premolars 15, second premolars 15, first molars 15, second molars 15) randomly with considering of the sex of patients. Data were analyzed by SPSS22. (Ethic code: IR. MEDILAM. REC. 1399. 064) Findings: In the first and second premolars, the highest frequency of single canal as 86. 7% and 93. 3%, respectively. In the first and second molars, the highest frequencies related to the three channels were 53. 3% and 86. 7%, respectively. The prevalence of 4-channel molars was higher in women and 3-channel in men. This difference was not statistically significant. Between two radiologists and endodontists to determine the NUMBER of ROOT canals in the first and second premolars and the first and second molars, a good agreement was reported with kappa agreement coefficient of 0. 92 and (P = 0. 000). Discussion & Conclusion: According to the results of the present study, the first and second mandibular premolars had mostly single ROOT and one canal, and the first and second mandibular molars had often two ROOTs and three channels.